The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will build on the success of the current generation of imaging air Cherenkov telescopes, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, by providing an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity in the core of its energy range (0.1 – 10 TeV), as well as covering a broader (30 GeV – 200 TeV) energy range with improved angular and energy resolution. The CTA Consortium is developing a set of Key Science Projects (KSPs) that will form a significant portion of the observatory’s legacy, including a survey of the entire Galactic plane, a deep study of the Large Magellanic Cloud, and a survey of ¼ of the sky to provide an unbiased sample of active galaxies. Additional KSPs focus on targeted studies of the Galactic center, transients, pevatrons, star-forming systems, active galactic nuclei, and clusters of galaxies. The search for signatures of dark matter annihilation or decay crosses KSP boundaries. This talk will provide an overview of the rich science opportunities available within CTA’s key science, with a particular emphasis on connections to understanding the origins of astrophysical neutrinos.